How is Narendra Modi addressing environmental concerns in India?
A New Era of Environmental Governance
Narendra Modi’s tenure as Prime Minister of India has been marked by significant efforts to address environmental concerns, though these efforts have been met with both praise and criticism. Since taking office, Modi has emphasized the importance of sustainable development and climate change mitigation, positioning India as a potential leader in global environmental initiatives.
Modi’s interest in environmental issues began early in his political career. As the Chief Minister of Gujarat, he took steps to educate himself on climate change, notably by engaging with Dr. Rajendra Pachauri, the former head of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)[1]. This engagement led to the establishment of a state-level ministry focused on climate change, marking a significant departure from previous environmental policies in India.
Streamlining Environmental Decision-Making
At the national level, Modi has streamlined environmental decision-making processes by integrating climate change into the Ministry of Environment and Forests, now known as the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change[1]. This move reflects a broader strategy to align environmental policies with economic development goals, aiming to ensure that growth is sustainable and environmentally conscious.
However, critics argue that while these structural changes are positive, they have not always translated into effective environmental protection. For instance, environmental regulations have been amended more frequently under Modi’s government, often to facilitate faster project approvals, which can lead to diluted safeguards[3].
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Growth
One of the most notable aspects of Modi’s environmental policy is the emphasis on renewable energy. India has set ambitious targets to increase its renewable energy capacity, with plans to generate 40% of its energy from non-fossil sources[2]. The government aims to achieve a 500 GW renewable energy target, though the timeline for this goal remains unspecified[5].
Solar and Wind Energy Initiatives
Key initiatives include the development of “mega” solar and wind parks, as well as a clean energy corridor designed to make India a global hub for renewable energy manufacturing[5]. Additionally, Modi has launched programs like the rooftop solar scheme, aiming to increase solar energy adoption across the country[5].
These initiatives are part of a broader vision for sustainable growth, which Modi has described as “green, clean, sustainable, and reliable”[2]. The government’s focus on renewable energy not only helps reduce carbon emissions but also positions India as a leader in the global transition to cleaner energy sources.
Addressing Air Pollution
Air pollution is another critical environmental issue in India. The Modi government launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019, aiming to improve air quality in 131 cities across the country[3]. However, progress has been mixed, with only a fraction of cities achieving significant reductions in particulate matter levels between 2019 and 2021[3].
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite these challenges, the NCAP represents a significant step towards addressing air pollution, which is a major public health concern in India. The program highlights the need for sustained efforts and better implementation strategies to achieve tangible improvements in air quality.
Carbon Credits and Green Initiatives
In recent years, the Modi government has introduced initiatives like the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme and the Green Credit Program[3]. These programs aim to incentivize sustainable practices by allowing companies to generate and trade credits for projects that reduce carbon emissions or promote environmental conservation.
Potential for Greenwashing
While these initiatives have potential, they also raise concerns about greenwashing—where companies make misleading claims about their environmental impact. Effective regulation is crucial to ensure that these schemes genuinely promote sustainability rather than merely serving as public relations tools[3].
River Interlinking and Biodiversity
The Modi government has also pursued large-scale infrastructure projects, such as the interlinking of rivers. This initiative, while intended to improve water management and irrigation, has raised environmental concerns due to its potential impact on biodiversity and ecosystems[3]. For example, the Ken-Betwa Link Project in Madhya Pradesh will submerge significant areas of habitat for endangered species like tigers and vultures[3].
Balancing Development and Conservation
These projects highlight the ongoing challenge of balancing economic development with environmental conservation. While infrastructure development is crucial for India’s growth, it must be pursued in a way that minimizes harm to natural habitats and biodiversity.
International Cooperation and Climate Leadership
Modi has emphasized the need for global cooperation on environmental issues, particularly climate change. India co-launched the International Solar Alliance at COP26, aiming to ensure universal access to affordable solar energy[2]. This initiative reflects India’s commitment to playing a leadership role in global climate efforts.
Vision for One Earth One Health
Modi has also promoted India’s vision of “One Earth One Health,” calling for collective action to address global challenges like climate change and pandemics[2]. This vision underscores the interconnectedness of environmental health and human well-being, advocating for a more integrated approach to global problem-solving.
Challenges Ahead
As Modi’s government continues to navigate environmental challenges, several key issues remain. These include the need for more effective implementation of environmental policies, better regulation of initiatives like carbon credits, and a balanced approach to development that prioritizes both economic growth and environmental protection.
Future Directions
Looking ahead, India’s environmental policies will likely continue to evolve, with a focus on sustainable growth and climate resilience. The government’s emphasis on renewable energy and green initiatives provides a promising foundation for addressing environmental concerns, but sustained commitment and effective implementation will be crucial to achieving meaningful progress.
Net-Zero Targets and Future Ambitions
In 2021, Modi announced that India aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, a target that aligns with global efforts to combat climate change[3]. Achieving this goal will require significant investments in renewable energy, improvements in energy efficiency, and a transition away from fossil fuels.
Scaling Up Renewable Energy
The government’s plans to scale up bioenergy and green hydrogen production, along with the development of small modular nuclear reactors, are part of a broader strategy to diversify India’s energy mix and reduce dependence on fossil fuels[5]. These initiatives, if successfully implemented, could position India as a leader in the global transition to cleaner energy sources.
Conclusion and Future Prospects
Narendra Modi’s approach to environmental concerns in India reflects a complex interplay between economic development, sustainable growth, and global leadership. While challenges persist, particularly in terms of effective policy implementation and environmental protection, the government’s emphasis on renewable energy and sustainable development provides a promising framework for addressing India’s environmental challenges.
As India continues to grow economically, its ability to balance development with environmental stewardship will be critical. The success of Modi’s environmental policies will depend on sustained commitment, effective regulation, and a continued focus on sustainable growth and climate resilience. With its ambitious targets and initiatives, India has the potential to emerge as a global leader in environmental governance, but achieving this vision will require ongoing effort and innovation.
References
- India's Climate Change Policy in a Modi Government
- A decade under Modi: Environmental protections diluted, Cheetah project falters
- India’s Deadly ClimateChange & Environment Crisis & What Modi 3.0 Must Do (But Hasn’t Ever)
- India election 2024: What the manifestos say on energy and climate change Carbon Brief
