How is Turkey tackling the challenges of the migrant crisis and border security?
The Complex Landscape of Migration in Turkey
Turkey’s role in the global migration landscape is multifaceted and deeply intertwined with its geopolitical position. Located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, Turkey has become a critical transit point for migrants and refugees seeking to reach Europe. The country’s response to the Syrian refugee crisis, in particular, has been notable for its non-camp approach, where refugees are integrated into urban and rural areas rather than being confined to camps[1][3].
Historical Context: The Syrian Refugee Crisis
The Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, has led to one of the largest refugee crises in recent history. Turkey, due to its proximity to Syria, has become the primary host country for Syrian refugees. As of recent estimates, Turkey hosts over 2.2 million Syrians under temporary protection, making it the country with the largest refugee population in the world[1][3].
Turkey’s response to this crisis has been characterized by a government-financed approach that integrates refugees into the broader society. This strategy is distinct from many other countries that rely heavily on refugee camps supported by humanitarian agencies[1]. The majority of Syrian refugees in Turkey live in urban and rural areas across the country’s 81 provinces, with only about 1% residing in Temporary Accommodation Centres (TACs)[3].
Economic and Social Challenges
Despite the progressive nature of Turkey’s asylum policies, the integration of such a large refugee population poses significant economic and social challenges. The cost of hosting refugees has been substantial, with Turkey shouldering a significant portion of the financial burden. The EU has provided financial support through the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey, allocating €6 billion to address refugee needs in areas such as education, health, and socio-economic support[5].
However, the economic impacts of the pandemic and rising living costs have exacerbated the challenges faced by both refugees and host communities. There is a growing need for sustained international support to help Turkey manage these socio-economic dimensions of displacement[3].
Leveraging Migration for Geopolitical Gains
Turkey’s migration policies are not only driven by humanitarian considerations but also by geopolitical ambitions. The country has been using its large refugee population as leverage in negotiations with the European Union, particularly in seeking financial benefits and visa liberalization[2]. This strategic use of migration flows is part of a broader geopolitical strategy that includes military operations in Syria and other regions[2].
The EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan
In 2015, the EU and Turkey agreed on a joint action plan aimed at managing migration flows. The plan included measures to return irregular migrants from Greece to Turkey and to resettle Syrian refugees from Turkey to the EU. In exchange, the EU provided significant financial support to Turkey to improve conditions for refugees and reduce migration pressures[4].
This agreement reflects Turkey’s role in controlling migration flows into Europe. However, the implementation of this plan has been complex, with ongoing challenges in managing the flow of migrants and maintaining border security.
Border Security and Migration Management
Turkey’s approach to border security varies significantly depending on the border in question. On its eastern border with Iran and Iraq, Turkey employs sophisticated technology, including drones and surveillance systems, to manage migration flows. This is in contrast to its western border, where the focus is more on facilitating the movement of migrants towards Europe as part of its geopolitical strategy[2].
Technological Innovations in Border Security
The use of advanced technology in border management is a key aspect of Turkey’s strategy. Drones, radars, and surveillance systems are deployed to monitor and control migration flows, particularly on the eastern border. This technological approach allows for more effective monitoring and management of borders, reducing illegal crossings and enhancing security[2].
However, the differential treatment of migrants based on their origin and destination highlights Turkey’s double standards in migration policy. While migrants from Syria are often allowed to proceed towards Europe, those from Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq are treated as a security issue, reflecting a complex geopolitical landscape[2].
Addressing the Humanitarian Crisis
Despite the challenges, Turkey’s inclusive policy framework has been crucial in reducing the marginalization of refugees and fostering positive relations with host communities. The National Harmonisation Strategy and Action Plan aim to promote social cohesion and equip foreigners with the skills needed to integrate into Turkish society[3].
International Support and Responsibility Sharing
The international community plays a vital role in supporting Turkey’s refugee response. The EU’s financial assistance and the United Nations’ Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan are examples of collaborative efforts to address the humanitarian needs of refugees and host communities[5][4].
However, as the displacement situation becomes more protracted, there is an increasing need for sustained international responsibility sharing. This includes not only financial support but also political and diplomatic efforts to find durable solutions for refugees and to mitigate the socio-economic impacts on host communities[3].
Navigating Future Challenges
As Turkey continues to navigate the complexities of the migrant crisis, several key challenges emerge. The need for more visible support for host communities, the integration of refugees into national systems, and the management of border security all require innovative solutions.
Policy Innovations and Adaptations
Turkey’s policy framework is evolving to address these challenges. Recent modifications to the Law on Foreigners and International Protection have provided a legal basis for refugee status and temporary protection, ensuring access to essential services like health and education[4].
Moreover, the adoption of a hybrid approach to service delivery, combining in-person and remote services, has improved refugee access to essential services, especially during the pandemic[3]. These innovations highlight Turkey’s capacity to adapt its policies in response to changing circumstances.
The Path Forward: Balancing Security and Humanitarian Needs
The path forward for Turkey involves balancing its security concerns with humanitarian obligations. This requires continued international support and cooperation to manage migration flows effectively while ensuring the dignity and rights of refugees.
International Cooperation and Responsibility Sharing
International cooperation is crucial in addressing the global dimensions of migration. The EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan and other international agreements demonstrate the importance of collaborative efforts in managing migration flows and providing humanitarian assistance[4][5].
As Turkey continues to host one of the largest refugee populations globally, it is essential for the international community to maintain strong support. This includes not only financial assistance but also political and diplomatic efforts to find durable solutions for refugees and to mitigate the socio-economic impacts on host communities[3].
In this context, Turkey’s role in the global migration landscape will remain pivotal. The country’s ability to balance its geopolitical ambitions with humanitarian responsibilities will be a defining feature of its migration policies in the years to come.
Conclusionary Thoughts: The Future of Migration Management
In conclusion, Turkey’s approach to the migrant crisis reflects a complex interplay of humanitarian, economic, and geopolitical factors. As the country continues to navigate these challenges, it is clear that a comprehensive and inclusive strategy is necessary. This involves not only effective border management and refugee integration but also sustained international cooperation and responsibility sharing.
The future of migration management in Turkey will depend on its ability to balance these competing interests while ensuring the dignity and rights of refugees. As the global migration landscape continues to evolve, Turkey’s experience will provide valuable lessons for other countries facing similar challenges.
